However, the lack of genomic information significantly constrains the identification of effective targets in the spongy moth. Currently, the development of RNAi insecticides targeting these detoxification genes is the focus of the pest control field. It depends on the constitutive quantitative changes in the expression and activity of multiple detoxification enzymes, including cytochrome P450s (CYP450s), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGTs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC) family 13. Xenobiotic detoxification is a crucial mechanism enabling insects to resist toxic phytochemicals or pesticides. Unfortunately, the frequent and extensive use of pesticides not only adversely affects biodiversity but also hastens the development of insecticide resistance. Since the last century, a variety of insecticides have been used for spongy moth control 12. At present, how to effectively control the invasion and spread of the spongy moth has become a global research hotspot 10.Ĭhemical control is the primary control method to combat the spongy moth 11. Females are particularly drawn to lights in ports, often laying their egg masses on cargo and the superstructure of ships 9. The Asia spongy moth poses a greater threat due to its robust reproductive capacity and flight abilities 8. Introduced to North America in 1869, the European variant has spread widely over 150 years 7. dispar dispar) species based on origin 6. The spongy moth is divided into Asian ( L. They completely defoliate entire trees, resulting in significant ecological and economic losses 4, 5. The larvae are destructive polyphagous folivores, and they consume more than 600 plant species ranging from oaks to conifers 3. It is widely distributed across the temperate forests of the northern hemisphere, such as Europe, China and North America 1, 2. The spongy moth, Lymantria dispar, is one of the most important forestry pests.
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